The continuous search for prognostic biomarkers and targets for the potential biological therapies has significantly contributed to the improvement of management and clinical outcomes of breast cancer patients. on a sample of 38 breast cancers identified 4 molecular subtypes from microarray gene expression data: Luminal, HER2-enriched, Basal-like, and Normal Breast-like [137]. Even though the diagnosis of altered expression of ER is particularly relevant in terms of the proper therapy selection, ER expression might also constitute a predictive factorpatients with high ER expression usually present significantly better clinical outcomes [194]. Additionally, in the HER2-enriched subtype there is evidence of mutagenesis mediated by APOBEC3B. Articles & Issues. select article Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk in Palestine: A case control study. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Key T.J., Appleby P.N., Reeves G.K., Travis R.C., Alberg A.J., Barricarte A., Berrino F., Krogh V., Sieri S., Brinton L.A., et al. Breast cancer statistics, 2015: Convergence of incidence rates between black and white women. Greater density of breasts is observed in females of younger age and lower BMI, who are pregnant or during the breastfeeding period, as well as during the intake of hormonal replacement therapy [62]. The average age of men at the diagnosis is about 67. p53 Status Identifies Two Subgroups of Triple-negative Breast Cancers with Distinct Biological Features. American Cancer Society (2016) Breast Cancer Facts & Figures, 20152016. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. DeSantis C.E., Fedewa S.A., Sauer A.G., Kramer J.L., Smith R.A., Jemal A. PAM50 is now clinically implemented worldwide using the NanoString nCounter, which is the basis for the Prosigna test. Riccardi F., Colantuoni G., Diana A., Mocerino C., Lauria R., Febbraro A., Nuzzo F., Addeo R., Marano O., Incoronato P., et al. Hepatitis B and C viruses and some types of HPV increase the risk for liver and cervical cancer, respectively. Besides being the most common, breast cancer is also the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. High expression of Ki-67 also reflects poorer survival rates of breast cancer patients [208]. Endocrinal therapy might be used either as a neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy in patients with Luminalmolecular subtype of BC; it is effective in cases of breast cancer recurrence or metastasis. Impact Factor: According to the Journal Citation ReportsTM (JCR) from ClarivateTM, 2023, Impact Factors for the AACR Journals: Five-Year Impact Factor: April 10, 2023. at the National Institutes of Health, An official website of the United States government, Cancer Prevention Overview (PDQ)Patient Version, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. There are speculations whether Ki-67 could be considered as a potential predictive marker, however, such data is still limited and contradictory. Breast conserving therapy: A surgical technique where little can mean more. Harris C.C., Hollstein M. Clinical Implications of the p53 Tumor-Suppressor Gene. The Prosigna combines the PAM50 assay as well as clinical information to assess the risk of distant relapse estimation in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, node-negative, or node-positive early-stage breast cancer patients, and is a daily-used tool assessing the indication of adjuvant chemotherapy [143,144,145]. Cancer Epidemiology publishes original research, prioritizing studies that contribute new information about cancer causes, prevention and control. Nonetheless, data regarding the excessive usage of LED electronic devices and increased risk of breast cancer is insufficient and requires further evaluation as some results are contradictory [116]. High PLR level was associated with poor prognosis (overall survival and disease-free survival), yet, its prognostic value was not determined for molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Kechagioglou P., Papi R.M., Provatopoulou X., Kalogera E., Papadimitriou E., Grigoropoulos P., Nonni A., Zografos G., Kyriakidis D.A., Gounaris A. Tumor suppressor PTEN in breast cancer: Heterozygosity, mutations and protein expression. However, the missense mutations may alters p53 properties causing not only a loss of wild-type function, but also acquisition novel activities-gain of function [229]. J. Pathol. Cancer Epidemiology | All Journal Issues - ScienceDirect When patients undergo surgical resection of their primary tumor, the post-resection anatomic information coupled with the pretreatment biomarker findings results in the final Pathologic Prognostic Stage Group. Network T.C.G.A. Coronado G.D., Beasley J., Livaudais J. A Glasgow inflammation outcome study. Hartmann L.C., Sellers T.A., Frost M.H., Lingle W.L., Degnim A.C., Ghosh K., Vierkant R., Maloney S.D., Pankratz V.S., Hillman D.W., et al. Articles & Issues. being aware of the symptoms of different forms of cancer and of the importance of seeking medical advice when abnormal findings are observed; access to clinical evaluation and diagnostic services; and, HPV test (including HPV DNA and mRNA test), as preferred modality for cervical cancer screening; and. WHO and St. Jude to dramatically increase global access to childhood cancer medicines, Global leaders call for cervical cancer elimination on Day of Action, WHO launches womens health chatbot with messaging on breast cancer, New recommendations for screening and treatment to prevent cervical cancer, New global breast cancer initiative highlights renewed commitment to improve survival, New WHO/IAEA publication provides guidance on radiotherapy equipment to fight cancer, WHO launches new tools to help countries build effective childhood cancer programmes, Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, Resolution Cancer prevention and control in the context of an integrated approach (WHA70.12), Global Action Plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013-2020. Publisher . As lymphocytes have an antitumor activity by inducing cytotoxic cell death and inhibiting tumor proliferation [270], the monocytes are involved in tumorigenesis, including differentiation into TAMs [246,247,271]. Thus, not only active but also passive smoking significantly contributes to the induction of pro-carcinogenic events [104]. The major mechanisms that enable its progression include evasion of apoptosis, limitless capacity to divide, enhanced angiogenesis, resistance to anti-growth signals and induction of own growth signals, as well as the capacity to metastasize [ 1 ]. Kim E.Y., Chang Y., Ahn J., Yun J., Park Y.L., Park C.H., Shin H., Ryu S. Mammographic breast density, its changes, and breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Shahbandi A., Nguyen H.D., Jackson J.G. eating a healthy diet, including fruit and vegetables; doing physical activity on a regular basis; avoiding or reducing consumption of alcohol; getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B if you belong to a group for which vaccination is recommended; avoiding ultraviolet radiation exposure (which primarily results from exposure to the sun and artificial tanning devices) and/or using sun protection measures; ensuring safe and appropriate use of radiation in health care (for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes); minimizing occupational exposure to ionizing radiation; and. Abdel-Rahman O. Validation of the 8th AJCC prognostic staging system for breast cancer in a population-based setting. Coogan P.F., Rao S.R., Rosenberg L., Palmer J.R., Strom B.L., Zauber A.G., Stolley P.D., Shapiro S. The Relationship of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use to the Risk of Breast Cancer. Even though BCS seems to be highly more beneficial for patients, those who were treated with this technique often show a tendency for a further need for a complete mastectomy [283]. But research has shown that certain risk factors may increase a persons chances of developing cancer. Wang et al. Baglia M.L., Tang M.-T.C., Malone K.E., Porter P., Li C.I. Dyrstad S.W., Yan Y., Fowler A.M., Colditz G.A. Billgren A.-M., Rutqvist, L.E., Tani E., Wilking N., Fornander T., Skoog L.A.M. Grivennikov S.I., Greten F.R., Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Associations of multimorbidity with breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening delivery: a cross-sectional study of a nationally representative Japanese sample. Brresen-Dale A.-L. TP53and breast cancer. Screening programmes are effective for some but not all cancer types and in general are far more complex and resource-intensive than early diagnosis as they require special equipment and dedicated personnel. Zhang H., Wang X., Shen Z., Xu J., Qin J., Sun Y. Infiltration of diametrically polarized macrophages predicts overall survival of patients with gastric cancer after surgical resection. In addition to grading and biomarkers, the commercially available multigene assays provide additional prognostic information suitable for incorporation in the AJCC 8th edition. Invasive breast cancer of no special type (NST), formerly known as invasive ductal carcinoma is the most frequent subgroup (4080%) [135]. Molecular classification independently from histological subtypes, invasive breast cancer can be divided into molecular subtypes based on mRNA gene expression levels. Opposingly neutrophils suppress the cytolytic activity of lymphocytes, leading to enhanced angiogenesis and tumor growth and progression [265]. Los Angeles, United States. Additionally, it has high expression of proliferation-related genes (e.g., MKI67 and AURKA) [152,153,154]. Albrektsen G., Heuch I., Hansen S., Kvle G. Breast cancer risk by age at birth, time since birth and time intervals between births: Exploring interaction effects. In literature, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are associated with M2 macrophages which promote tumor growth and metastasis. ISSN: 1877-7821. . Cancer programmes should be designed to reduce delays in, and barriers to, diagnosis, treatment and supportive care. (See the Hereditary Cancer Syndromessection for more information about inherited genetic mutations that can cause cancer.). The major mechanisms that enable its progression include evasion of apoptosis, limitless capacity to divide, enhanced angiogenesis, resistance to anti-growth signals and induction of own growth signals, as well as the capacity to metastasize [1]. A score between 1 (most favorable) and 3 (least favorable) is assigned for each feature. Consumed before the first pregnancy, it significantly contributes to the induction of morphological alterations of breast tissue, predisposing it to further carcinogenic events [103]. Invasive breast cancers (IBC) comprise wide spectrum tumors that show a variation concerning their clinical presentation, behavior, and morphology. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Cancer Epidemiology (formerly known as Cancer Detection & Prevention) is a peer reviewed journal devoted to epidemiological cancer research. Namely, it is not alcohol type but rather the content of alcoholic beverages that mostly affect the risk of cancer. biological carcinogens, such as infections from certain viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Interestingly, postmenopausal women tend to present poorer clinical outcomes despite proper BMI values but namely due to excessive fat volume [97]. However, Bartelink et al. Iyengar N.M., Arthur R., Manson J.E., Chlebowski R.T., Kroenke C.H., Peterson L., Cheng T.-Y.D., Feliciano E.C., Lane D., Luo J., et al. Wokoorczyk D., Rusak B., Huzarski T., Gronwald J., Stempa K., Rudnicka H., Kashyap A., Dbniak T., et al. Huang S.H., Waldron J., Milosevic M., Shen X., Ringash J., Su J., Tong L., Perez-Ordonez B., Weinreb I., Bayley A.J., et al. observed that amongst females with a family history of breast cancer, physical activity was associated with a reduced risk of cancer but limited only to the postmenopausal period [88]. In an extensive study on 27,031 cancer patients, Proctor et al. Estrogen receptor (ER) is an important diagnostic determinant since approximately 7075% of invasive breast carcinomas are characterized by significantly enhanced ER expression [191,192]. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention provides high-quality, original . Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Associate Editor. Xianglin L. Du, Lulu Song. Impact Factor of the Journal in 2022 = 500/100 = 5. J. Pathol. ER is similarly expressed in both A and B subtypes and is used to distinguish luminal from non-luminal disease. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. Cancer-causing infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis, are responsible for approximately 30% of cancer cases in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Moreover, about 30% of HER2-enriched tumors are classified as clinically HER2-negative based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods [161]. pointed out more pronounced effects in premenopausal females [89]. Globally, breast cancer was responsible for 684,996 deaths [95% UI, 675,493694,633] at an age-adjusted rate of 13.6/100,000 [5]. Besides, these tumors show high expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes and stem cell-like gene expression patterns [169,170]. The risk increases with age; women at age of 40 years are nearly 1.9 times more susceptible compared to women under 40. Prognostic Value of Tumor-Associated Macrophages According to Histologic Locations and Hormone Receptor Status in Breast Cancer. Ferlay J., Ervik M., Lam F., Colombet M., Mery L., Pieros M., Znaor A., Soerjomataram I., Bray F. Global Cancer Obser-Vatory: Cancer Today. The terms basal-like and TNBC have been used interchangeably; however, not all TNBC are of the basal type. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention IS is increased by a factor of 0.06 and approximate percentage change is 1.66% when compared to preceding year 2020, which shows a rising trend. Misotti A.M., Gnagnarella P. Ecancermedicalscience. showed that additional radiation (16 Gy) to the tumor bed combined with standard radiotherapy might decrease the risk of local recurrence [72]. Cancer Epidemiology impact factor Further studies allowed to divide the Luminal group into two subgroups (Luminal A and B) [138,139]. The AJCC staging manual includes a pathological and a clinical-stage group. Luminal A tumors are characterized by presence of estrogen-receptor (ER) and/or progesterone-receptor (PR) and absence of HER2. The first full-term pregnancy at an early age (especially in the early twenties) along with a subsequently increasing number of births are associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer [54,55]. Cancer-associated fibroblast and M2 macrophage markers together predict outcome in colorectal cancer patients. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted It is performed to ensure that all of the cancerous cells remain destroyed, minimizing the possibility of breast cancer recurrence. 2.714 3-year Impact Factor. Claudin-low (CL) breast cancers are poor prognosis tumors being mostly ER-negative, PR-negative, and HER2-negative. OBrien K.M., Cole S.R., Tse C.K., Perou C.M., Carey L.A., Foulkes W.D., Dressler L.G., Geradts J., Millikan R.C. Thompson D. Cancer Incidence in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers. Al Deen N.N., Lanman N.A., Chittiboyina S., Lelivre S., Nasr R., Nassar F., Zu Dohna H., AbouHaidar M., Talhouk R. A risk progression breast epithelial 3D culture model reveals Cx43/hsa_circ_0077755/miR-182 as a biomarker axis for heightened risk of breast cancer initiation. Jones M., Schoemaker M.J., Wright L.B., Ashworth A., Swerdlow A.J. Lancet Glob Health. Li Z., Yin S., Zhang L., Liu W., Chen B. Prognostic value of reduced E-cadherin expression in breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Semiquantitative evaluation of Ki-67 and PR is helpful for further typing of the Luminal subtype [176,177]. Many cancers have a high chance of cure if diagnosed early and treated appropriately. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Cancer risk in DES daughters. Between 30 and 50% of cancers can currently be prevented by avoiding risk factors and implementing existing evidence-based prevention strategies. So far, mammography and sonography is the most common screening test enabling quite an early detection of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Treatment of breast cancer is complex and involves a combination of different modalities including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or biological therapies delivered in diverse sequences. Bernstein L., Ross R.K. Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Risk. This procedure is mandatory to provide the selection of those patients who will most benefit from the implementation of the endocrine therapy mainly selective estrogen receptor modulators, pure estrogen receptor downregulators, or third-generation aromatase inhibitors [193]. According to epidemiological evidence, obesity is associated with a greater probability of breast cancer. Hill D.A., Prossnitz E.R., Royce M., Nibbe A. Temporal trends in breast cancer survival by race and ethnicity: A population-based cohort study. A New World of Biomarkers and Therapeutics for Female Reproductive System and Breast Cancers: Circular RNAs. Read the latest articles of Cancer Epidemiology at ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier's leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature . Chae B.J., Bae J.S., Lee A., Park W.C., Seo Y.J., Song B.J., Kim J.S., Jung S.S. p53 as a Specific Prognostic Factor in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Prospective Validation of a 21-Gene Expression Assay in Breast Cancer. Spanish Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: Casecontrol Epi GEICAM study. A Review of Fam-Trastuzumab Deruxtecan-nxki in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Features of triple-negative breast cancer. Badve S., Dabbs D.J., Schnitt S.J., Baehner F.L., Decker T., Eusebi V., Fox S., Ichihara S., Jacquemier J., Lakhani S.R., et al. The removal of affected lymph nodes involves sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Chen J., Lindblom A. Germline mutation screening of the STK11/LKB1 gene in familial breast cancer with LOH on 19p. Subscription options. Jones K.L., Buzdar A.U. first reported that NLR before chemotherapy was an independent factor for long-term mortality and related it to age and tumor size in breast cancer [266]. The baseline tool to estimate the likely prognosis of patients with breast cancer is the AJCC staging system that includes grading, immunohistochemistry biomarkers, and anatomical advancement of the disease. Two penultimate drugs along with abemaciclib and everolimus can also be used in HER2-negative and estrogen-positive breast cancer [304,305]. Williams C.B., Yeh E.S., Soloff A.C. Tumor-associated macrophages: Unwitting accomplices in breast cancer malignancy. However, gene expression profiling has identified several molecular subtypes of breast cancer [181]. In breast cancer, the high density of M1-like macrophages predicted improved survival in patients with HER2+ phenotype and may be a potential prognostic marker [256]. Order journal. Howlader N., Altekruse S.F., Li C.I., Chen V.W., Clarke C.A., Ries L.A.G., Cronin K.A. The epidemiology of pediatric and adult sarcomas: Incidence, etiology, and survival. Besides, Konan et al. The Twitter live feed is not currently active. (2) de Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clifford GM. Nguyen X., Hooper M., Borlagdan J.P., Palumbo A. An APOBEC cytidine deaminase mutagenesis pattern is widespread in human cancers. APOBEC3B is a subclass of APOBEC cytidine deaminases, which induce cytosine mutation biases and is a source of mutation clusters [158,159,160]. Horne H.N., Oh H., Sherman M.E., Palakal M., Hewitt S.M., Schmidt M.K., Milne R.L., Hardisson D., Benitez J., Blomqvist C., et al. Five Year Impact Factor: 3.083 Editor-in-chief: Roman. In younger women, disruptions of the menstrual cycle and fertility issues might also appear. Importantly, the HER2-enriched subtype is not synonymous with clinically HER2-positive breast cancer because many ER-positive/HER2-positive tumors qualify for the luminal B group. The molecular subtypes provide insights into new treatment strategies and patient stratifications that impact the management of BC patients. Article 102076. Wang X., Hui T.-L., Wang M.-Q., Liu H., Li R.-Y., Song Z.-C. The longer duration of the breastfeeding period also reduces the risk of both the ER/PR-positive and -negative cancers [59]. Females chronically exposed to chemicals present significantly greater plausibility of breast cancer which is further positively associated with the duration of the exposure [125]. Wu J.-R., Zhao Y., Zhou X.-P., Qin X. Estrogen receptor 1 and progesterone receptor are distinct biomarkers and prognostic factors in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: Evidence from a bioinformatic analysis.
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